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American College of Mortgage Attorneys — Partner with the Best®

Formed in 1974, the American College of Mortgage Attorneys (ACMA) is comprised of over 500 lawyers in North America who are experts in mortgage law.

United States

Vermont

The usual form of real property security instrument in Vermont is a mortgage. Large corporate transactions occasionally use a trust indenture. No statutory forms exist. Typical commercial mortgages follow the form of a warranty deed, with a condition nullifying the deed upon satisfaction of the borrower's obligations. Vermont is a “title theory” state, which means that the legal title to the property being mortgaged is conveyed to the mortgagee, subject to the mortgagor's right to reacquire title after the mortgage debt is paid in full. Accordingly, any legal description used in the mortgage should reference that it is subject to all encumbrances of record, so that the mortgagor is not conveying more legal title than it owns.

SECURITY INSTRUMENT USED

The mortgage must be signed by the mortgagor, acknowledged by the mortgagor before a notary public, town clerk or other designated official, and recorded at length in the clerk's office of the town or city where the land is located. In 2018, Vermont enacted legislation requiring state licensing of notaries and, if the notary is not an-attorney, requiring continuing education. No official certificate is required for notarial acknowledgement, but the State of Vermont has provided an approved short-form certificate. No official notary seal is required. For mortgages executed out of state, the notary's certificate may follow the form used in the place of acknowledgment. Vermont notaries may take acknowledgments of Vermont mortgages out of state. A witness' signature has not been required since July 1, 2004.

RECORDING REQUIREMENTS

None. Pursuant to 12 V.S.A. &sect;&nbsp;4937, a court will allow a “just” fee when the mortgage contains an agreement requiring that the mortgagor pay the mortgagee the attorneys' fees incident to the foreclosure.

STATUTES TO BE WAIVED

UNUSUAL TREATMENT OF STANDARD PROVISIONS

A mortgage may secure both obligatory and discretionary future advances by the mortgagee. Future advances made by a mortgagee “pursuant to commitment” (obligatory advances) take priority as of the date of recording of the mortgage to the extent that outstanding future advances do not exceed the maximum amount stated in the mortgage, and future advances “not made pursuant to commitment” (discretionary advances) take priority as of the date of recording to the extent outstanding before the mortgagee receives written notice of an intervening interest. A future advance made to protect collateral takes priority as of the date a mortgage is recorded, even if the mortgagee has received written notice of the intervening interest. If the parties intend that the mortgage will secure future advances, the mortgage should contain a statement to that effect.

SECURING FUTURE ADVANCES

Future advances made by a mortgagee to protect collateral are (a)&nbsp;secured by the mortgage, whether or not the mortgage provides for future advances, and (b)&nbsp;take priority as of the date of recording of the mortgage, regardless of whether the mortgagee has received written notice of an intervening interest.

SECURING ADDITIONAL ADVANCES TO PROTECT THE COLLATERAL

TRUSTEE UNDER DEED OF TRUST

A mortgagee brings a judicial foreclosure action in Superior Court, the court of general jurisdiction in Vermont. The standard action to enforce a commercial mortgage is a strict foreclosure procedure. Strict foreclosure can also be sought in the case of residential property, but residential mortgagors will typically request a sale, due to the longer process involved. In strict foreclosure, upon recording of a judgment and decree of foreclosure and certificate of non-redemption, title vests in the foreclosing creditor (subject to any superior mortgages or other interests); however, a decree of strict foreclosure will not be issued unless the court finds that there is no substantial equity value in the property. Specifically, competent evidence must be presented that there is no substantial value in the property in excess of the mortgage debt plus assessed and unpaid property taxes due on the property. In cases where there is substantial equity in the mortgaged property, foreclosure by judicial sale is the only judicial foreclosure option. Judicial sale is an alternative to strict foreclosure upon motion by any party in the foreclosure suit or at the discretion of the court. In a judicial sale foreclosure, the Court orders a public sale of the property in its decree, and oversees a sale of the property following expiration of the redemption periods; the foreclosing creditor does not retain surplus sale proceeds. Foreclosure judgment by default or summary judgment can be obtained in approximately 90 days. Additional time will be required for the redemption periods, and for issuance and recording of a certificate of non-redemption or for a judicial sale. Vermont law also provides for an accelerated, nonjudicial alternative to foreclose commercial mortgages (i.e., mortgages on property that (1) is not farmland, or (2) does not contain a dwelling). The law lays out multi-step nonjudicial process that is intended to simplify and greatly expedites the foreclosure process for commercial mortgages. However, a mortgagor may redeem any time prior to the sale. A mortgagor and junior lienholders may also petition the court to enjoin the sale at any time before it occurs, but must post a bond with a petition and also establish grounds to enjoin the sale such as failure to comply with the statutory procedures. The uncertainty over possible court action to enjoin a sale that has been noticed and arranged (often by an auctioneer who has done significant advertising and preparation for the sale) has made some lenders reluctant to use the nonjudicial foreclosure process. Some lenders and title insurers also prefer the certainty of a judicial approval of a sale. But for some commercial properties, nonjudicial foreclosure is a useful and more expeditious process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE

The standard redemption period is 6 months from the date of judgment, but can be shortened by agreement of the mortgagor and mortgagee or court order, taking into account if there is equity in the property and waste of the property. The redemption period for non-farm, non-residential property in a judicial sale is 30 days or less. The redemption price is the sum of principal, pre-judgment interest at the note rate, post-judgment interest at the higher of the statutory rate (12%) or the note rate, late charges, and—if so provided in the mortgage—reasonable attorneys' fees and costs.

REDEMPTION PERIOD AND PRICE

A foreclosing creditor may apply to the court for a shortened redemption period, based on a demonstration that the property is deteriorating, delinquent property taxes with priority over the mortgage, and/or the lack of equity. There is no statutory provision contemplating the waiver of the redemption period, but one may be sought by agreement in conjunction with a motion to shorten the redemption period.

WAIVER OF REDEMPTION; REDUCTION OF REDEMPTION PERIOD

Regardless of whether the lease is recorded, tenants in a residential rental property must receive special notice of the foreclosure action, and will have at least 30 days to vacate after service of a writ of possession following expiration of the redemption period.

EFFECT OF FORECLOSURE ON LEASES

In 2010, Vermont established a program to ensure the application of government loss mitigation programs in foreclosure actions. Vermont's program requires the availability of mediation in actions for foreclosure; except for commercial mortgages, on any dwelling house of 4 or fewer units that is owner-occupied as a principal residence, unless: (i)&nbsp;the loan involved is not subject to any government loss mitigation program requirements; (ii)&nbsp;prior to commencing the foreclosure action, the mortgagee or a representative of the mortgagee met with or made reasonable efforts to meet with the mortgagor in person in Vermont to discuss any applicable loss mitigation options; and (iii)&nbsp;the foreclosure action plaintiff certifies in a separate document filed with its complaint that the above requirements have been satisfied and describes its efforts to meet with the mortgagor in person to discuss applicable loss mitigation efforts. Mortgagees/servicers must provide the mortgagor with copies of a notice that explains the right to mediate and the benefits thereof, and provides contact information of legal services. If mediation is requested, The Vermont Bar Association (VBA) sends a list of three mediators to the parties, if the parties do not agree on the mediator within 5 days of receipt of the list, the court will designate a mediator. Within 45 days of mediator selection, the parties shall conduct a premediation telephone conference. During the mediation, the parties must address the available foreclosure prevention tools. If a modification is not offered, the mortgagee must provide an explanation. In addition, for any applicable government loss mitigation program, the mortgagee must provide the criteria for the program and the inputs and calculations used in determining the mortgagor's eligibility for the program. The mediator shall document and maintain records of the mediation. &nbsp;The mortgagee must pay for the mediation (excepting mortgagor's own costs), although the mortgagee may shift half the cost of the mediator to the mortgagor. Should the foreclosure result in a surplus, the mortgagee may recoup the full cost of the mediation, to the extent of the surplus. A mortgage holder must notify the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation whenever it files an action to foreclose a dwelling as described above. If a bank originates a loan and retains it in portfolio, or sells it servicing released, the mediation statute does not apply to that loan. A loan made by a bank that received TARP funds is subject to the mediation statute as is a loan originated by a bank and sold servicing retained in the secondary market to an entity subject to Federal Home Affordable Modification Program guidelines. Banks and their counsel need to be aware of and follow all statutory provisions in connection with the mediation.

FORECLOSURE MEDIATION PROGRAM

For loans secured by a first mortgage, federal limits (if any) apply. For loans secured by a junior mortgage, the maximum rate of interest is 18%. Interest must be computed on the actuarial method and prorated based upon a 360/360 or 365/365 method. Interest cannot be paid, deducted, or added to principal in advance, except for advance collection of up to 30 days interest at loan origination.

USURY CEILING

Obligations of corporations, obligations to finance income-producing business or activity, obligations to finance the purchase, construction, and improvement of second homes, and federally insured or guaranteed obligations are exempt from the interest rate limits (but not the calculation method requirements).

USURY EXCEPTIONS

Vermont adopted the revised Article&nbsp;9 of the Uniform Commercial Code promulgated in 1998. The revised Article&nbsp;9 was generally effective in Vermont as of July&nbsp;1, 2001. Prior to the effective date, the proper place to file a UCC financing statement was the Vermont Secretary of State's office, except for statements covering consumer and farm-related goods and fixtures, which must be filed locally. After the effective date, if the perfection of the security interest is governed by Vermont law, the Vermont Secretary of State's office remains the office in which to file a financing statement, except for financing statements covering “as-extracted collateral,” timber to be cut and fixtures, which must be filed locally. Vermont has also adopted the choice of law provisions of revised Article&nbsp;9, which determine location for filing under the law of the jurisdiction where the debtor is located. Under these choice of law rules, the financing statement generally should be filed in the central filing office in the state where an individual debtor resides or an entity debtor has its chief executive office, subject to the exceptions noted above.

LOCATION(S) FOR FILING

Prior to July&nbsp;1, 2001, a recorded mortgage may serve as a fixture filing if the mortgage meets the form requirements for a fixture filing, describes the goods by item or type, and recites that the goods will become fixtures. Effective July&nbsp;1, 2001, a mortgage duly recorded in the clerk's office of the town or city where the land is located may serve as a fixture filing if the mortgage indicates the goods that it covers, the goods are or are to become fixtures related to the real property described in the mortgage, and the mortgage complies with the other form requirements for a fixture filing.

SECURITY INSTRUMENT USED AS FIXTURE FILING

UNUSUAL PROVISIONS OR REQUIREMENTS

Vermont law applicable to loan guaranties is found in the suretyship and accommodation party sections of the Vermont Uniform Commercial Code. A guaranty may be written either as a guaranty of payment or a guaranty of collection. Typically, a commercial lender will require a guaranty of payment. The Uniform Commercial Code sets forth various suretyship defenses for an accommodation party, all of which are typically waived by the guarantor in the guaranty.

SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN ENFORCEMENT

The foreclosing creditor may include a deficiency claim in the foreclosure complaint, or may pursue a deficiency in a second action after the foreclosure is complete. In a strict foreclosure proceeding or in a non-judicial proceeding, a deficiency action must be brought as a separate action. In the case of a judicial sale where the foreclosing creditor purchases the property, the amount of the deficiency is determined by appraisal. Where the mortgagee is the purchaser at the sale, any deficiency shall be limited to the difference between the fair market value of the premises at the time of sale, as determined by the court based an appraisal and such other evidence as may be received, and the amount due the plaintiff plus the reasonable expenses incurred in making the sale. The creditor must give the guarantor notice of the deficiency claim to prevail.

ISSUES AND GUIDELINES RELATED TO SEEKING/OBTAINING DEFICIENCY JUDGMENTS

Both the general statute of limitations for a civil action and the special statute for action on a negotiable promissory note are 6 years from the due date. Vermont law provides a special 14-year statute of limitations for a witnessed promissory note.

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS PERIOD

A mortgagee must provide a written payoff statement to the borrower without charge within 5 business days after receipt of a written request. A mortgagee must execute and deliver a complete and valid discharge with 30 business days after satisfaction of the mortgage, together with any instruments necessary to establish the mortgagee's ownership of the mortgage and the authority to execute the discharge. If the mortgagee fails to provide the payoff statement or to deliver the discharge within the applicable time limit, the mortgagee is subject to liability for damages. Typically, a mortgage is discharged by either signing a separate mortgage discharge or by noting an acknowledgment of payment on the original mortgage, and returning it to the mortgagor who will then record either the separate mortgage discharge or the original mortgage with acknowledgment of payment in the land records. The Vermont statutes provide a form of discharge. A mortgagor's attorney at law may discharge a mortgage if (i)&nbsp;the mortgagee fails to discharge the mortgage after satisfaction in accordance with a payoff statement furnished by the mortgagee (ii)&nbsp;the discharge is executed by, or is in the name of, a purported mortgagee that is not the holder of record of the mortgage; or (iii)&nbsp;the discharge was not properly executed in accordance with Vermont law. A discharge must include an affidavit from the attorney affirming that numerous procedural requirements have been met. A discharge executed on behalf of a lending institution for a mortgage encumbering a 1-4-family residence that is not valid because it is not executed by or in the name of the record holder of the mortgage shall be valid if (i)&nbsp;no person has within 3 years of the date that the discharge is recorded brought an action to challenge the validity of the discharge; and (ii)&nbsp;the discharge includes an affidavit affirming that numerous procedural requirements have been met.

REQUIREMENTS FOR RELEASE OF LIEN

Except for a purchase money mortgage, a mortgage is inoperative with respect to a homestead unless both husband and wife join in the execution and acknowledgment. A homestead consists of a dwelling house, outbuildings and land used in connection therewith, not exceeding $125,000 in value. A spouse or civil union partner may convey his or her respective homestead interest to the other spouse or civil union partner prior to the time the homestead rights vests thereby divesting the grantor of any homestead interest in the property.

HOMESTEAD ISSUES

Vermont is not a community property state.

COMMUNITY PROPERTY

MORTGAGE TAX

DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX

Property Transfer Tax: A property transfer tax applies to all deed-equivalent realty transfers and transfers or acquisitions of a controlling interest in any person with title to property at a rate of 1.45% of the value of the property (0.5% of the first $100,000 of a principal residence). The term “controlling interest” is defined as: For corporations—either 50% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation, or 50% or more of the capital, profits, or beneficial interest in such voting stock of such corporation; or For a partnership, limited liability company, association, trust, or other entity—50% or more of the capital, profits, or beneficial interest in such partnership, limited liability company, association, trust, or other entity. The property transfer tax does not apply to mortgages or to transfers from the obligor to the primary obligee in foreclosure or by a conveyance in lieu of foreclosure. Land Gains Tax: A land gains tax applies to gains recognized from the sale of land (not improvements) held less than 6 years and subdivided within that 6-year period. “Subdivision”&nbsp;means a tract or tracts of land that have been partitioned or divided for the purpose of sale or transfer by the person who owns or controls the land. Subdivision occurs when the first lot is transferred from the transferor to the transferee or a plat, plan, or deed is filed in the town records, whichever occurs first. The tax ranges between 5% and 80% of the gain, depending on the holding period. The basis of land sold by a mortgagee who acquired the land by foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure is the amount of the mortgage debt, increased by acquisition costs, decreased by any tax benefit due to bad debt loss on the mortgage debt. The exemption for transfer of land in a Vermont neighborhood or neighborhood development area has been expanded to include a downtown development district, a village center, a growth center, or a new town center development district.

TRANSFER TAX

The Vermont Supreme Court has indicated a general acceptance of the standards set forth in Restatement of Conflicts, Second, i.e., the law of the state chosen by the parties to govern their contractual rights and duties will be applied if the chosen state has a reasonable relationship to the parties or the transaction and application of the law of the chosen state would not be contrary to the fundamental policy of a state that has a materially greater interest.

ENFORCEABILITY OF AGREEMENTS AS TO CHOICE OF LAW

By statute, receivers are available only for specific types of business problems not relevant to mortgage loans, or for winding up a corporation. However, receivers may be appointed during the pendency of a foreclosure proceeding by petitioning the court. The existence of a receivership clause in the mortgage granting this remedy to the mortgagee upon default is often an important factor in obtaining a receiver. A second important factor is proof of waste of the property by the mortgagee.

RECEIVERSHIP

Under Vermont's usury law, a lender may charge only the following (in addition to interest): (1)&nbsp;the reasonable cost of credit investigation, appraisal fees, title evidence, legal opinions, title insurance, hazard insurance, creditor life and disability insurance (if agreed to by the borrower), and private mortgage guaranty insurance; (2)&nbsp;filing and recording fees and other official fees, including fees required by Federal Housing Agencies, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and the Federal National Mortgage Corporation; and (3)&nbsp;the reasonable value of services rendered in connection with the making of any loan of $4,000 or less or the reasonable value of services rendered to make a loan or loan commitment to finance an income-producing business or activity. The borrower has the right to choose the lawyer furnishing a title opinion and the insurance company furnishing hazard coverage, subject to the lender's acceptance, which shall not be unreasonably withheld. Late charges are permitted, if reasonable. Tax and insurance escrows and prepayment penalties are prohibited, unless the loan is exempt from the usury rate limits (see “Usury” above).

ANY PROHIBITION OR SPECIAL RULES REGARDING LOAN APPLICATION, LOAN FEES OR COMMITMENT FEES

Vermont's Licensed Lender Statute, 8&nbsp;V.S.A. &sect;&nbsp;2200 et seq., is intended to cover all lending activities and does not set any specific thresholds regarding the number of loans made in determining when a license is required except as described below. Under the statute, no person may engage in the “business of making loans” without first obtaining a license from the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation (formerly the Vermont Department of Banking, Insurance, Securities and Health Care Administration). While the Legislature has never defined the term “in the business of making loans” in the context of making loans, in 2012 it did define that term in the context of being a mortgage loan originator as follows: “&lsquo;Engage in the business of a mortgage loan originator' means to act as, or to hold oneself out as acting as, or to represent to the public that one can provide the services of a mortgage loan originator, in a commercial context and with some degree of habitualness or repetition. Habitualness or repetition is met if either the individual who acts as a mortgage loan originator does so with a degree of habitualness or repetition or the source of the prospective financing provides such financing or performs other phases of origination of residential mortgage loans with a degree of habitualness or repetition. Acting in a commercial context is met if either the individual or an entity for which the individual acts does so for the purpose of obtaining profit rather than exclusively for governmental or family purposes.” 8 V.S.A. &sect;&nbsp;2200(6). At minimum, this definition provides some guidance when trying to determine whether a person making a loan is “in the business of making loans” to a degree requiring licensure under the Licensed Lender statute. The statute provides for certain exceptions from licensure including, among others: (1)&nbsp;state agencies and political subdivisions; (2)&nbsp;depository institutions; (3)&nbsp;insurance companies; (4)&nbsp;sellers of goods and services that finance their sales; (5) individuals who offer a mortgage loan secured by a dwelling that served as that individual's (or an immediate family member's) residence (including second homes); (6)&nbsp;commercial loans of $1,000,000 or more; and (7)&nbsp;persons who loan an aggregate of less than $250,000 at no more than 12% interest per annum in any 1 year, provided such loans are not residential mortgage loans. In addition, the statute exempts any person making no more than 3 mortgage loans in any consecutive 3-year period after July 1, 2011. The statute incorporates specific limitations on loans by licensees, including limitations on loan terms, interest rates, permitted charges, and form of loan documents. In addition, in 2008 the Vermont Legislature adopted an “angel investor” exemption whereby a person may make an unsecured commercial loan, as long as the loan is expressly subordinate to the prior payment of all senior indebtedness of the borrower regardless of whether such senior indebtedness exists at the time of the loan or arises thereafter. The loan may or may not include the right to convert all or a portion of the amount due on the loan to an equity interest in the borrower. In 2009, the Vermont Legislature further amended the statute to change the licensing requirement for individuals and entities, not otherwise exempt from licensure in Vermont, engaged in residential mortgage loan origination or brokerage. Generally, the bill amends Vermont law to incorporate the requirements of the federal SAFE Act, including educational and registration requirements for the licensing of mortgage loan originators. In 2010, the Vermont Legislature simplified the application and licensure process for a lender solely making commercial loans, and enacted legislation requiring licensure of third-party loan servicers. Depository institutions, and licensed lenders that retain the servicing rights on a loan originally closed in the lender's name and subsequently sold, are exempt, so long as the provisions related to segregated accounts and prohibited acts are complied with.

LENDER QUALIFICATION AND/OR LICENSURE

UNUSUAL PROVISIONS FOR MODIFICATION OF EXISTING MORTGAGE LOANS

Vermont does not have a specific environmental or “superlien” statute that governs environmental remediation costs, although a few statutes exist that may be relevant. After a violation of environmental laws or regulations has been identified, the Agency of Natural Resources can issue an administrative order for remediation or enforcement through a collection action that may become a judicial order. Like other judgments, the Agency could record the final judgment at the town clerk's office where the property is located in order to create a judgment lien. However, this lien is subordinate to any prior recorded liens. If the state, through enforcement of its building regulations, finds a building to be unsafe and the owner does not remedy the violation, the cost and charges incurred to take down the building or make it safe “shall constitute a lien on the land upon which such building is situated, and shall be enforced within the time and in the manner provided for the collection of taxes on land.” Tax liens are given super-priority status. Therefore, if “demolition liens” are enforced using the tax collection process, these liens will have super-priority as well. Although this is not a typical environmental lien, it allows municipalities to recoup costs in a similar fashion if the building is demolished.

ENVIRONMENTAL LIEN LAWS

Vermont does not have a local bar opinion report that articulates standard accepted opinion practices.

LEGAL OPINIONS

LABOR AND MATERIAL LIEN CLAIMS—PRIORITY ISSUES

LABOR AND MATERIAL LIEN CLAIMS—PRIORITY ISSUES

Vermont law provides a statutory lien on real property to secure the unpaid balance due under a contract to supply labor and/or materials to improve the real property. The statutory lien expires 180 days after payment became due unless the claimant provides notice of the lien to the owner and records the notice of lien in the land records of the town or city where the property is located. The claimant must commence a collection action and obtain and record an attachment lien against the property within 180 days of recording a notice of lien (if payment is due at the time of recording), or 180 days from the time payment becomes due, if not due at the time of recording.

INCEPTION AND PERFECTION OF LIEN

A mortgage granted as security for payment of money loaned to pay for labor and materials to improve the mortgaged property has priority over the statutory labor and materials lien, if the mortgage is recorded before the notice of lien is filed in the town or city clerk's office where the mortgaged property is located. If the mortgagee receives written notice of labor and materials lien claim, the labor and materials lien has priority over the mortgage as to advances subsequently made to the mortgagor by the mortgagee, except for advances actually expended in completing the improvements to the mortgaged property, and except for advances made to protect the collateral.

PRIORITY OF LIEN

Vermont lenders now customarily require title insurance using the current ALTA loan policy form. In rare cases, in-state lenders may rely on an attorney's title opinion, instead of title insurance, for loans retained in portfolio.

FORM USUALLY REQUIRED BY LENDER

Available endorsement forms vary from title company to title company, and are limited to those approved by the Vermont Department of Financial Regulation. Title companies operating in Vermont now offer most of the standard endorsements available in other states, including the basic ALTA endorsement forms (Forms 1 through 9). Typical Endorsements -- Residential Loans: Vermont lenders' requirements for residential loan policies usually include deletion of the first 3 printed policy exceptions (the “standard exceptions”), and inclusion of the following endorsements: the Secondary Market Endorsement, ALTA Form 8.1 (Environmental Lien) and ALTA Form 9 (Restrictions, Encumbrances and Minerals—formerly known as the “Comprehensive Endorsement”), and the standard ALTA endorsements necessary for particular types of properties or loans. In response to the Bianchi case, a 1997 Vermont Supreme Court decision holding that a lack of a certificate of occupancy for a residence constitutes a title encumbrance covered by deed warranties, many Vermont lenders also require title coverage for certain aspects of subdivision and zoning compliance. Vermont title insurance companies now offer a special form of extended coverage to address Bianchi issues for residential transactions. Typical Endorsements -- Commercial Loans: Vermont lenders' requirements for commercial loans vary widely. In-state lenders do not typically require special endorsements, other than those necessary to tailor the policy to particular types of properties or loans (such as Convertible Mortgage, Revolving Credit, Tie-In and Last-Dollar Endorsements). In recent years, out-of-state lenders have sought and obtained special endorsements, including the following: Usury, Doing Business, Access, Contiguity, Survey, Zoning, Comprehensive, Tax Parcel, Non-Imputation, and Energy Project Endorsements. &nbsp; &nbsp;

Vermont

Mortgage Law Summary

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Mortgage Law Summary for Vermont

Vermont

Mortgage Law Summary

Continue reading theMortgage Law Summary for Vermont

Continue reading the
Mortgage Law Summary for Vermont